Crusades A BRIEF HISTORY [Part 2/5]

Continues from part1.
1950 24 April The West Bank officially becomes part of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.

1953 28 February Israel launches a large scale assault on the Gaza Strip.

1956 28-29 October The Suez war (the second Arab-Israeli war). Israel invades and occupies the Gaza Strip and the Sinai Peninsula in preparation for a British-French invasion of Egypt to reinstate western control of the Suez.

1957 In Kuwait, Yasser Arafat, among others, founds the Palestine Liberation Movement, whose name becomes Fateh, which means “opening.”

1964 28 May Ahmed Shuqeiri, the Palestinian representative to the Arab League, heads the Palestinian National Council (PNC) meeting in Jerusalem, where the First Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) National Covenant is drafted. At the PNC meeting, he is appointed the first chairman of the PLO.
2 June The PLO is officially founded.

1967 5 June Israel launches an attack that starts the June War, which lasts six days and is referred to as the Six Day War in Israel and the West; Israel captures East Jerusalem and the West Bank from Jordan and the Gaza Strip from Egypt.

11 December George Habash establishes the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine.
Israel annexes East Jerusalem and begins construction of Jewish settlements in East Jerusalem and the West Bank.
22 November The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 242, which states that Israel must withdraw from the territories occupied during the Six Day War of 1967 in return for peace and secure borders.

1968 21 March The Battle of al-Karameh takes place in the village Karameh, east of the Jordan River, where Palestinian guerilla movements joined the Jordanian army to block Israel from entering the East Bank.
17-18 July The Palestinian National Council moves its head quarters to Cairo and modifies the PLO’s National Charter.

1970 September PLO-Jordanian power struggle and civil war in Jordan. During this year, an attack by the Jordanian army is launched against Palestinian camps and guerillas on the outskirts of the Jordanian capital, Amman. The incredible Palestinian death toll in the attack is labeled “Black September” by the Palestinian movement.

1971 9 July The Jordanian army evicts the PLO from Jordan and dismantles its infrastructure.
28 November Black September, a Palestinian organization formed after the civil war between the PLO and Jordan in September 1970, claims responsibility for the assassination of Wasfi al-Tal, Jordan’s Prime Minister.

1973 6 October The October war breaks out when Syria and Egypt launch a coordinated attack on Israeli forces occupying the Golan Heights and the Sinai desert.
22 October The United Nations Security Council adopts Resolution 338, recommending negotiations between Israel and its Arab neighbors.

1974 19 February The Palestinian National Council accepts the establishment of a Palestinian state in any liberated part of Palestine and discards the option of establishing a secular democratic state in all of Palestine.

14 October The United Nations General Assembly passes Resolution 3326, which accepts the PLO as the representative of the Palestinian people and grants them permanent observer status. PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat addresses the General Assembly.

28 October The Seventh Arab League Summit in Rabat recognizes the PLO as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people.
19 November Egyptian President Anwar Sadat visits Israel and addresses the Israeli Knesset.

1978 14 March The Israeli army invades southern Lebanon, demolishes a number of villages, and kills some 700 Lebanese and Palestinians.
17 September U.S. President Jimmy Carter, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin sign the Camp David Accords. Israel agrees to withdraw from the Sinai in exchange for peace with Egypt and to grant the Palestinians “full autonomy” in the Occupied Territories after a transitional period of five years.

1979 22 March The United Nations Security Council adopts resolution 446, which demands that Israel dismantle the settlements in the Occupied Territories.

1980 The Israeli Knesset officially adopts the Jerusalem Law, which annexes East Jerusalem to Israel.

1982 4 June The Israeli army invades Lebanon to destroy the military, political, and institutional infrastructure of the PLO. Israel besieges Beirut for three months. Palestinian and Lebanese casualties were estimated at tens of thousands of people killed.
16-18 September Members of the Phalange militia massacre up to 2,000 Palestinian refugees at Sabra and Shatila camps in Beirut.

1983 14-21 February The Palestinian National Council meets in Algiers and approves the concept of a confederation between an independent Palestine and Jordan.

20 December PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat and 4,000 PLO commandos leave north Lebanon on Greek ships.

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muslim unity

Supreme Leader of the Islamic revolution Ayatollah Seyed Ali Khamenei said here Friday unity and solidarity are the most important needs of today’s Islamic world and a cure to all problems of Muslims, and Muslim Ulema and the intelligentsia should compile charter of Islamic solidarity as a historical necessity.

The Supreme leader was addressing high ranking officials of the Islamic Republic of Iran and ambassadors of Islamic countries on the auspicious occasion of birth anniversaries of holy Prophet Muhammad and Imam Sadeq.

Ayatollah Khamenei said human beings are indebted to the Great Prophet for his blessings and compassion adding that his teachings are the only way to salvation and the realization of justice and other lofty human values.

The Ayatollah said,” Islamic Ummah, after years of ignorance, is having a new look at sharia and the Islamic faith. Therefore, the Islamic world, with this new insight and understanding and with resorting to religious teachings and the deeds and words of the Great Prophet, can be the forerunner in moving towards perfection and elevation.”
Ayatollah Khamenei said Islamic vigilance and return to Islam, revival of the holy Quran and the creation of a united Ummah are among the facts of today’s Muslim world, adding that these facts, which were once just faraway ideals among some elites and reformers in the Islamic world, have now turned into living mottos in the hands of Muslims masses and especially the youth and the educated.

The Supreme Leader said, “Along with the Islamic vigilance and the revival of descent Islamic mottos, the enmity of the world arrogance with Islam has been more organized and serious because Islamic vigilance is a great danger to the arrogant and hegemonic powers of the world.

Ayatollah Khamenei said,” Bringing up issues such as Crusade, insulting the Great Prophet of Islam and presenting a violent image of the Muslims are organized plots to stand against Islamic identity,” adding,” contrary to materialistic calculations and media propaganda, the apparently powerful side of arrogance has been defeated by the grand Islamic movement.”
The Supreme Leader of the Islamic revolution referred to the defeat of US plans in the Middle East, especially in Palestine, Iraq and Lebanon as the clear manifestations of this fact and said those who stress on being realistic in dealing with problems, should consider these undeniable facts and truths.

The Ayatollah went on to say, “One of the most important requirements for the continuation of the deep movement of Islamic Ummah towards victory is Islamic unity and solidarity,” adding,” the policy of the arrogant world is causing discord, ethnic and religious fighting among Muslims.”
The Ayatollah said unity and solidarity among Islamic Ummah should be strengthened to stand against the enemies’ conspiracies.

Ayatollah Khamenei said,” misunderstanding, baseless illusions and being ignorant of the real ideas of each other are among the main obstacles to unity,” adding, ” the Islamic governments and Muslim Ulema should play their role in paving the way for Islamic unity and solidarity.”
“In this regard, compiling the charter of Islamic unity by the Muslim Ulema is a historical necessity. An obligation that if we do not fulfill today, the next generations will hold us accountable.” The leader said,” the world arrogance makes no distinction between Shia and Sunni Muslims in its fighting against the Muslim world,” adding, “While they attack both Hamas and Lebanese Hizbollah, is it wise for the Muslims to get involved in religious and ethnic fightings and forget their common enemy?”
Ayatollah Khamenei said the Islamic world unity is in favor of Islamic nations and governments and these governments should get closer to each other. “If they rely on their nations’ capacities instead of relying on American politicians, they will be much stronger,” the Ayatollah underlined.

Before the supreme leader’s speech, President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad congratulated the birth anniversaries of the holy prophet and Imam Sadeq (PBUT).

Everybody’s Free! to feel good…_ iEvolve NWO

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (abbreviated UDHR) is a declaration adopted by the United Nations General Assembly (A/RES/217, 10 December 1948 at Palais de Chaillot, Paris). It consists of 30 articles which outline the view of the United Nations on the human rights guaranteed to all people. Eleanor Roosevelt, first chairperson of the Commission on Human Rights (CHR) that drafted the Declaration, said, “It is not a treaty…[In the future, it] may well become the international Magna Carta…”[1]History
Prior to the proclamation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, several countries had proclaimed comparable declarations. Examples include the Bill of Rights in the United States, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in France.

[edit] Creation
When the atrocities committed by Nazi Germany became apparent after the Second World War, there was a general consensus within the world community that the United Nations Charter did not sufficiently define the rights it referenced. A universal declaration that specified the rights of individuals was necessary. Canadian John Peters Humphrey was called upon by the UN Secretary to work on the project and became the Declaration’s principal drafter. Humphrey was assisted by Eleanor Roosevelt of the United States, Jacques Maritain and René Cassin of France, Charles Malik of Lebanon, and P. C. Chang of the Republic of China, among others. The proclamation was ratified during the General Assembly on 10 December, 1948 by a vote of 48 in favour, 0 against, with 8 abstentions (all Soviet Bloc states, South Africa and Saudi Arabia).[2] Despite the central role played by Canadian John Humphrey, the Canadian Government at first abstained from voting on the Declaration’s draft, but later voted in favor of the final draft in the General Assembly. (See [4])

[edit] Structure and legal implications
The document is laid out in the civil law tradition, including a preamble followed by thirty articles. It was conceived as a statement of objectives to be followed by governments. Generally, international lawyers believe that the Declaration forms part of customary international law and is a powerful tool in applying diplomatic and moral pressure to governments that violate any of its articles. The 1968 United Nations International Conference on Human Rights decided it “constitutes an obligation for the members of the international community” to all persons. The declaration has served as the foundation for the original two legally-binding UN human rights covenants, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. It continues to be widely cited by academics, advocates, and constitutional courts.

UN resolutions against Israel

Aside from the core issues—refugees, Jerusalem, borders—the major themes reflected in the U.N. resolutions against Israel over the years are its unlawful attacks on its neighbors; its violations of the human rights of the Palestinians, including deportations, demolitions of homes and other collective punishments; its confiscation of Palestinian land; its establishment of illegal settlements; and its refusal to abide by the U.N. Charter and the 1949 Fourth Geneva Convention Relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War.

- Donald Neff

Re: The blame factor, Israel v Terrorist Hizbullah

Hizbullah’s charter

“our struggle will end only when this entity is obliterated. We recognize no treaty with it, no cease fire, and no peace agreements, whether separate or consolidated.

We vigorously condemn all plans for negotiation with Israel, and regard all negotiators as enemies, for the reason that such negotiation is nothing but the recognition of the legitimacy of the Zionist occupation of Palestine. Therefore we oppose and reject the Camp David Agreements, the proposals of King Fahd, the Fez and Reagan plan, Brezhnev’s and the French-Egyptian proposals, and all other programs that include the recognition (even the implied recognition) of the Zionist entity.”

P.O.V.’s Borders | American ID: What They Think of Us

Say the words “Beirut” or “Lebanon” to anyone over 30 and they would probably free associate words like “kidnapped American citizens,” “Terry Waite,” “civil war” and “scary.” But that was the 1980s. Beirut today is the most populous city in Lebanon, a major tourist attraction and the site of the thriving American University, a private college founded in 1866 under a charter from New York state. Documentary filmmaker and NPR reporter Kate Seelye visited the campus in the fall of 2005 to talk to graduate students about their views of American policies in the Middle East. (4:21 minutes)